Transformational and Transactional Leadership Essay -- Leadership Skil

Certainly, an army would not be able to battle in the war without a commander who in charges of the whole strategy. Correspondingly, any organisations cannot function without leaders. Leader is the most substantial element of successful organizations. Becoming outstanding leaders, leadership skill is vital in order to drive the organizations forward. Several leadership principles are extensively used these days. Burns (1978) identified two types of leadership comprise of transactional and transformational leadership. Hence, leaders should be capable to indicate which theory should be applied in accordance with organization’s culture and objectives. This essay aims to evaluate the resemblances and the differences between transactional and transformational leadership as well as the feasibility to utilize a mixture of them by giving the definitions and examples followed by the supporting researches and studies. Initially, transactional and transformational leadership are different in terms of implementation and its outcomes. However, transformational leadership was developed from transactional leadership (Downton, 1973). Bass (1985) defined transactional leadership as an exchange activity that leaders execute to motivate subordinates in order to achieve their tasks by giving out reward or punishment correspond with their performance. Additionally, active and passive management by exception are taken into account when it comes to misconception and faults. Bass (1985) stated that transformational leadership emphasizes the value of subordinates, encourages them to perform extra effort, and assures their comprehension on organization’s goals and objectives. Besides, idealised influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulatio... ...) has shown that these two typologies work well in different frameworks, transformational leadership involves in procedural justice whereas distributive justice relies on transactional leadership. An association of both would maximize the level of trust on leaders. In conclusion, transactional and transformational leadership can be merged or used individually depending on various circumstances. However, they are partially correlated. In order to make the best use and get the desirable results out of these principles, leaders should attain a deep understanding of each theory as they are dissimilar in conducting. Moreover, an appropriate balance should be considered if leaders aim to integrate them together. In my point of view, either stand alone or combination usage would benefit to any organizations if the application of leaders was taken in proper situations.

Lesson Plan – 3

A Detailed Lesson Plan in Notes in the Five Main Lines of the Treble Clef I. Objectives At the end of this learning session, the students should be able to: A. will learn to identify the names of the notes on the staff in the treble clef. B. appreciates how the notes in the treble clef are important. C. creates new idea in forming a music. II. Subject Matter A. Topic Lesson: Notes in the Five Main Lines of the Treble Clef B. Instructional Materials Flash cards C. References Ricci Adams Copyright 2000-2005 http://www. childrensmusicworkshop. om/musictheory/lessons/html/id10_en. html Copyright  © 1999-2012 Demand Media, Inc. http://www. ehow. com/how_5125488_teach-children-music-notes. html http://www. ehow. com/how_6352010_beginners-can-learn-music-notes. html http://www. ehow. com/list_6188183_games-music-staff. html III. Procedures A. Preliminary Activity 1. Opening Prayer 2. Checking of Attendance 3. Mood Setting Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| Hi class Good Morning! Today we will have a new lesson. Are you excited to learn new lesson? But before that I’m going to show you these pictures.What do you call this? (Showing G-clef)Okay, you are raising you hand, Ms. /Mr. _____________________Very good! Ms. /Mr. _____________________. You may sit down. Now, this one what can do you called this? (Showing the Staff)Yes you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. That’s right, Thank you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. And last, what is this? (Showing Quarter Note)Yes you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. Yes, thank you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. Okay, children. Look at the picture of the Staff. What do you observe? Let’s hear from, Ms. /Mr. _____________________.And how many lines and spaces does the Staff has? Very good observation, Ms. /Mr. _____________________. Ms. /Mr. ______________ said that the Staff has five lines and four spaces and that is right. Today, you will learn about the Five Main Lines and the Four spaces of t he Treble Clef. | Good Morning teacher Nikki! Yes we are! (students raising their hands)(students raising their hands)(students raising their hands)(students raising their hands)Teacher, the Staff has lines and spaces. The Staff has five lines and four spaces. | B. Lecture Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity|The staff is the foundation upon which notes are drawn. The modern staff is comprised of five lines and four spaces. When we say Treble Clef it is also called the G Clef. Class, please get your papers and your pens. Because we will draw G-clef. (Teacher Nikki is teaching how to draw the G-clef. )Okay, It seems that everyone knows how to draw it. Good job children And now, on the other piece of paper, draw the staff. Remember, that the staff is consists of 5 lines and four spaces. Everyone, all done drawing their own staff? Now everyone knows how to draw a G-clef and the staff.Let us combine the two. Always remember that the G-clef or any clef is located at the l eft side of the staff. On your drawn staff. We will add the G-clef. Draw a G-clef sign on your staff. Okay, everyone is done. Children, what do you observe to your drawing? Do you think it is incomplete Ms. /Mr. _____________________? Very Good answer Ms. /Mr. ____________ you may sit down. As Ms. /Mr. ____________ said that staff has Notes on it. We will discuss now the notes in the treble clef or the staff. Treble Clef consists of five lines and four spaces.Each lines and spaces represents a note. Now let us discuss the Names in the Line. There are five lines in the staff, and this notes spell out the word â€Å"E-G-B-D-F†To make you to be more familiar to name of the lines we will call it:â€Å"Every-Good-Boy-Does-Fine†Ms. /Mr. _____________________, what does E-G-B-D-F stands for? Alright Ms. /Mr. ____________ Were done with the lines of the staff, now let’s go with the Spaces. Just like the lines, spaces have names to. We can simply call it the, â€Å"F-A- C-E†What do we call the spaces in the staff Ms. /Mr. _____________. Thank you Ms. Mr. _____________ We are now familiar with the names inside the staff. Now, let us combine the names. As you seen, starting from the first line the next is the space, followed by the another line then space and line again, space and line and final space and the final line. It means that the first line stands for â€Å"E† followed by the space letter â€Å"F†. Then the line again stands for â€Å"G† and then the space â€Å"A†. Then the line again stands for â€Å"B† then the space letter â€Å"C†. The middle line stands for â€Å"D† for the next space letter â€Å"E† and for the final line stands for â€Å"F†.Or we can simplify this as, â€Å"E-F-G-A-B-C-D-E-F†| (Students get their papers and pens. )(Students are concentrating in drawing their G-clef. )(Students are drawing their staff. )Yes teacher! (Students are drawing. )(Ye s it is incomplete, because every treble clef has Notes on it. )â€Å"Teacher it is, Every-Good-Boy-Does-Fine†(Teacher, we call it F-A-C-E)| C. Application Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| (Random Showing of Musical Flash Cards)For your activity we are going to play, play but just sitting on chair. I am going to show you flash cards and then tell me what note is it.Let us answer all together. But children remember, do not shout Are you ready children? What note is this.. Next.. Finally.. Very Good children! Thank you for your participation. | (Yes we are! )â€Å"E-F-G-A-B-C-D-E-F†| D. Evaluation Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| For your quiz, get a piece of your paper and then number it from number one to 5. Ready class? Okay let us start. Answer these questions without cheating. I’ll only repeat it twice, so please listen carefully. 1. The Musical staff is consists of ________________ and ________________. 2. There are _____ lines in the staff. 3.There are _____ spaces in the staff. 4. What are the names in the spaces of the staff? 5. What are the names in the lines of the staff? All done? Pens Up! Please pass your papers in front. I’ll give the results tomorrow. And the highest will receive a small prize | (Students get papers) Answer:1. Lines and Spaces2. 5 / five3. 4/ four4. F-A-C-E5. E-G-B-D-F| E. Assignment Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| For your assignment. Please read about Bass clef and Ledgers lines. That’s it for now. Hope you learn something today. God bless. | (Students take notes)Goodbye and Thank you, Ma’am. | Lesson Plan – 3 A Detailed Lesson Plan in Notes in the Five Main Lines of the Treble Clef I. Objectives At the end of this learning session, the students should be able to: A. will learn to identify the names of the notes on the staff in the treble clef. B. appreciates how the notes in the treble clef are important. C. creates new idea in forming a music. II. Subject Matter A. Topic Lesson: Notes in the Five Main Lines of the Treble Clef B. Instructional Materials Flash cards C. References Ricci Adams Copyright 2000-2005 http://www. childrensmusicworkshop. om/musictheory/lessons/html/id10_en. html Copyright  © 1999-2012 Demand Media, Inc. http://www. ehow. com/how_5125488_teach-children-music-notes. html http://www. ehow. com/how_6352010_beginners-can-learn-music-notes. html http://www. ehow. com/list_6188183_games-music-staff. html III. Procedures A. Preliminary Activity 1. Opening Prayer 2. Checking of Attendance 3. Mood Setting Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| Hi class Good Morning! Today we will have a new lesson. Are you excited to learn new lesson? But before that I’m going to show you these pictures.What do you call this? (Showing G-clef)Okay, you are raising you hand, Ms. /Mr. _____________________Very good! Ms. /Mr. _____________________. You may sit down. Now, this one what can do you called this? (Showing the Staff)Yes you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. That’s right, Thank you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. And last, what is this? (Showing Quarter Note)Yes you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. Yes, thank you Ms. /Mr. _____________________. Okay, children. Look at the picture of the Staff. What do you observe? Let’s hear from, Ms. /Mr. _____________________.And how many lines and spaces does the Staff has? Very good observation, Ms. /Mr. _____________________. Ms. /Mr. ______________ said that the Staff has five lines and four spaces and that is right. Today, you will learn about the Five Main Lines and the Four spaces of t he Treble Clef. | Good Morning teacher Nikki! Yes we are! (students raising their hands)(students raising their hands)(students raising their hands)(students raising their hands)Teacher, the Staff has lines and spaces. The Staff has five lines and four spaces. | B. Lecture Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity|The staff is the foundation upon which notes are drawn. The modern staff is comprised of five lines and four spaces. When we say Treble Clef it is also called the G Clef. Class, please get your papers and your pens. Because we will draw G-clef. (Teacher Nikki is teaching how to draw the G-clef. )Okay, It seems that everyone knows how to draw it. Good job children And now, on the other piece of paper, draw the staff. Remember, that the staff is consists of 5 lines and four spaces. Everyone, all done drawing their own staff? Now everyone knows how to draw a G-clef and the staff.Let us combine the two. Always remember that the G-clef or any clef is located at the l eft side of the staff. On your drawn staff. We will add the G-clef. Draw a G-clef sign on your staff. Okay, everyone is done. Children, what do you observe to your drawing? Do you think it is incomplete Ms. /Mr. _____________________? Very Good answer Ms. /Mr. ____________ you may sit down. As Ms. /Mr. ____________ said that staff has Notes on it. We will discuss now the notes in the treble clef or the staff. Treble Clef consists of five lines and four spaces.Each lines and spaces represents a note. Now let us discuss the Names in the Line. There are five lines in the staff, and this notes spell out the word â€Å"E-G-B-D-F†To make you to be more familiar to name of the lines we will call it:â€Å"Every-Good-Boy-Does-Fine†Ms. /Mr. _____________________, what does E-G-B-D-F stands for? Alright Ms. /Mr. ____________ Were done with the lines of the staff, now let’s go with the Spaces. Just like the lines, spaces have names to. We can simply call it the, â€Å"F-A- C-E†What do we call the spaces in the staff Ms. /Mr. _____________. Thank you Ms. Mr. _____________ We are now familiar with the names inside the staff. Now, let us combine the names. As you seen, starting from the first line the next is the space, followed by the another line then space and line again, space and line and final space and the final line. It means that the first line stands for â€Å"E† followed by the space letter â€Å"F†. Then the line again stands for â€Å"G† and then the space â€Å"A†. Then the line again stands for â€Å"B† then the space letter â€Å"C†. The middle line stands for â€Å"D† for the next space letter â€Å"E† and for the final line stands for â€Å"F†.Or we can simplify this as, â€Å"E-F-G-A-B-C-D-E-F†| (Students get their papers and pens. )(Students are concentrating in drawing their G-clef. )(Students are drawing their staff. )Yes teacher! (Students are drawing. )(Ye s it is incomplete, because every treble clef has Notes on it. )â€Å"Teacher it is, Every-Good-Boy-Does-Fine†(Teacher, we call it F-A-C-E)| C. Application Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| (Random Showing of Musical Flash Cards)For your activity we are going to play, play but just sitting on chair. I am going to show you flash cards and then tell me what note is it.Let us answer all together. But children remember, do not shout Are you ready children? What note is this.. Next.. Finally.. Very Good children! Thank you for your participation. | (Yes we are! )â€Å"E-F-G-A-B-C-D-E-F†| D. Evaluation Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| For your quiz, get a piece of your paper and then number it from number one to 5. Ready class? Okay let us start. Answer these questions without cheating. I’ll only repeat it twice, so please listen carefully. 1. The Musical staff is consists of ________________ and ________________. 2. There are _____ lines in the staff. 3.There are _____ spaces in the staff. 4. What are the names in the spaces of the staff? 5. What are the names in the lines of the staff? All done? Pens Up! Please pass your papers in front. I’ll give the results tomorrow. And the highest will receive a small prize | (Students get papers) Answer:1. Lines and Spaces2. 5 / five3. 4/ four4. F-A-C-E5. E-G-B-D-F| E. Assignment Teacher’s Activity| Student’s Activity| For your assignment. Please read about Bass clef and Ledgers lines. That’s it for now. Hope you learn something today. God bless. | (Students take notes)Goodbye and Thank you, Ma’am. |

Essay on Development of Democracy in Athens - 1785 Words

Development of Democracy in Athens Democracy comes from two Greek words: a noun demos which means, people and a verb, kratein, which means to rule (Ober 120). Democracy first appeared in Athens towards the beginning of the fifth century B.C. The biggest difference between Athenian democracy and almost all other democracies is that the Athenian version was a direct democracy rather than being representative. Democracy came about in Athens as a result of the growing navel power and the reforms made by leaders such as Cleisthenes and Pericles. The city-state of Athens, 5th century Athens to be precise, is the inventor and first practitioner of democracy. So for 4,000 years men and women lived under forms of government other than†¦show more content†¦The laws for Athens began with Solon, but perhaps the most influential leader for democracy in Athens was Cleisthenes. In 510 Cleisthenes had managed to get the sons of Peisistratus kicked out of Athens with Spartan help (Demand 15 7). But now the old internal divisions, which had plagued Athens since Solons time, reasserted themselves. Herodotus says in his history of Greece that Cleisthenes decided to turn to the people (Herodotus 302). Perhaps he did so solely out of practical political reasons: he needed a powerful force on his side now that the Spartans had turned against him. Although, his major motivation may have been to produce a government that would unify Athenians by all, rich and poor alike. Unity, perhaps, rather democracy, was his immediate goal. But it was democracy that he would prove to be the means to the unification of the people of Athens. Cleisthenes began his reforms with the reorganization of the tribes. Athens, like most Greek cities, had been divided into tribes based on descent. This gave aristocratic families a natural way of securing influence, because relatives tended to stick together. The people of Attica had also often clumped in regional groupings, as in the day of Peisistratu s, and this had lead to dangerous internal disorder. Cleisthenes completelyShow MoreRelatedHow Significant Was Greek Democracy In Its Development1190 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant was Greek Democracy in its development during the Classical Greek Era? Classical Greek Era, one of the most advanced eras ahead of its time. However, what made the democracy that the Greeks established so significant to the Greece’s overall development? How did they do it? How did the Greek democracy last for long as it did? What factors caused the downfall of the infamous Greek democracy? Development of Athenian (Greek) Society Ancient Greece was the first to establish a democracy. In Greek democracyRead MoreImportance Of The Polis On Ancient Greek Life1608 Words   |  7 PagesMidterm Prompt 1 Discuss the importance of the polis in ancient Greek life, using Athens as an example. 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No More Title IX and Sexual Assault on College Campuses

The faces flash by on the computer screen. The women on the screen are differents shapes, sizes, ages, and colors. However, there is one thing that all the women have in common: they have all been sexually assaulted on a college campus. More than one in five women were sexually assaulted on college campuses (Mott, Par. 1). It has been proven that programs in schools can help prevent these statistics from growing. However, more needs to be done to prevent sexual assault on educational facilities because the current programs are not fulfilling their purpose. Sexual assault is defined as â€Å"any type of sexual contact or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of the recipient.† (â€Å"Sexual Assault†, 2nd heading). An average of 237,868†¦show more content†¦Firstly, how is law enforcement supposed to prosecute victims if the crimes are never reported? Secondly, the women who don’t report these crimes are only hurting themselves in the long run. There needs to be a campaign to ensure that these crimes are being reported, perhaps by offering a reward to the women who speak up. Another solution is to put more serious punishments for culprits into action. This is a tactic used commonly by law enforcement officers, using the philosophy that if the punishment is more valuable than the â€Å"reward†, people will hopefully be less likely to attempt sexual harassment crimes. It is also a lot more â€Å"fair† if the punishment is more severe. The victim will be affected for their whole life because of the harassment, it only makes sense that the punishment should also be life affecting. Frustratingly, these days, some people still treat sexual assault as an â€Å"okay† thing, making comments such as â€Å"she was asking for it† and that she was â€Å"equally responsible† for the situation. This is exactly the sort of mindset that is contributing to the startling statistics today. In order for this problem to be solved, the American public needs to understand the serious effects of sexual harassment. One of these serious effects is a heightened risk of suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. About 33% of rape victims have suicidal thoughts. (â€Å"Rape†, line 19) About 13% of rape victims will attempt suicide. (â€Å"Rape†, line 20) Adding theseShow MoreRelatedRape Culture Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesRape culture is prevalent on all college campuses, and many fail to realize this and what rape culture is. It is in the party scene, athletics, in dorm rooms, and everywhere else around campus. It is the acceptance of sexual jokes, saying â€Å"she was asking for it because of what she was wearing,† not taking sexual assault seriously, and so much more. 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The Impact Of Internet On The Internet - 1681 Words

We are living in the 21st century and technology began to change very promptly. After the Supercomputers had introduced in the 1960s, scientists and engineers started to develop the networks between those supercomputers, and later they discovered the internet, which is a global communication device where people all around the world can meet and talk about pretty much anything. The development of the internet age has enabled people to inhabit a life at a faster speed. In today’s society, many people across the world are accessing the internet multiple times a day. It makes people’s lives very easily from a different side. Many people use the internet on their smartphones and check their email, Facebook, bank account balance, etc. via the internet. However, one of these things, most of the people busy with their social networking sites than the others. Social networks are an essential part of today’s Internet and used by more than a billion people worldwide. A soci al networking website is an online platform that allow people to share ideas and interact with other people, from childhood friends to unknowns. This interaction reveals much information, often including personal information noticeable to anyone who wants to view it. There are a bunch of social networking sites in the world. Most of the people especially teenagers have several accounts on social networking sites and spend too long on those sites writing their status and reading the status of others. Although socialShow MoreRelatedInternet Impact On The Internet866 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet is the newest mass media and has the potential to change human society. It has given us the ability to access almost all of human knowledge in an instant. It has also allowed the constant connection between friends and family. As technologies go it may well be the most influential in human history. The internet is one of the most impactful technologies in human history as presented in The Shallows by Nicholas Carr, specifically because of its speed, interconnectivity, and its impactsRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe internet is the definition of what modernism is in the 21st century since it has made its way through in countless companies, organizations, and households. It has brought new prospects to administration, business, and the education system. It allows a person to gain new knowledge with a press of a button; however, there are some advantages and disadvantages that come with the internet. The advancement of the internet has vastly changed the way an individual shop for either apparel or groceryRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet1727 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This paper will examine ramifications of certain Internet improvements of customer security on the Internet. The paper will analyze the degree antitrust and customer assurance laws are reasonably providing purchaser security. (King Raja, 2012). The paper reasons the lawful focus the Internet commercial centers are genuinely implementing, while legitimate instruments are in play to shield buyers from being followed and profiled by advertisers and from the potential interruptions ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet1616 Words   |  7 PagesThe amount of revenue the Internet brings in a single year is has drastically increased in the past couple years and it will exponentially keep growing as the years go by. As people use the World Wide Web more and more, they look for ways to profit off of it by having advertisements and other types of promotion. Sites specifically made for people’s inputs run solely on how many active users are on the site. For example, YouTube and Facebook were made to have people post whatever one wants to uploadRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet862 Words   |  4 PagesToday, the Internet has proven to be an unprecedented tool with lasting value, which has enabled people to connect with others, and essentially, eliminated any time, and space constraints. However, with the growth of data and information available through the Internet, even our own personal information and lives have found a way to be displayed through the Internet. This network has proven to be extremely useful and efficient when used appropriately. However, as with anything relating to our personalRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet906 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The most important networking facility available to organization is the Internet.†(Stalling and Cass, 2013) Yes, the internet is more important than before. Businesses cannot run efficiently without the Internet. In this paper, I will focus on two parts of disc ussion regarding the small business and Internet: the evolution of the internet and the advantages of the Internet for small businesses. The evolution of the Internet has happened very rapidly since 1990s. Actually, it comes with the evolutionRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet1216 Words   |  5 Pages The internet since its creation was a promising tool. How that tool was to be used was unexpected. Today the internet has been used in knowledge and entertainment that exceeds a human being’s life span. The question lives with how affects the internet people sociologically, how are new generations using the internet compared to the generations were in its infancy? What are the pro and cons of the sociological effects of this vast tool? The internet is now also used to interact with peopleRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet1128 Words   |  5 Pagesis partially due to the information available on the internet. The internet has opened a tremendous amount of various information from different points of view. These different points of view help others with no knowledge accept and perceive the information as if they were a person who may be dealing with racism, assault, and or discrimination. Gladwell might have mentioned people misunderstand something written by a stranger on the internet, but proved that point wrong by showing the positive aspectsRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Internet2299 Words   |  10 Pages 1. Introduction Internet connectivity is a major problem in developing countries. Broadband penetration is severely limited, and access to useful information is crippled as a result. Where there do exist means to go online, such as ADSL connections or mobile internet, the connection generally suffers from unstable throughput and frequent outages. As a result, instant access to useful information is hampered. In an increasingly knowledge dependent world, to be disconnected from that knowledge posesRead MoreImpacts Of Internet788 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet has had several impacts on business and commerce. The key impacts that the internet has had on these two, is that firstly, the internet has made access to product information easier than it was before the development and introduction of the internet. Potential clients can review products, their prices, order from them and pay for them all on the internet. Organizations too can advertise their products on the internet and do not have to rely on older, traditional methods of advertising

SDN- Software Defined Network

Question: Write an essay on the "SDN-Software-defined Network". Answer: Introduction SDN consists of various elements like firewall, hubs, switches, etc., and these elements provide a single physical network to the users. It is based on the multiple network technologies, and it can easily adjust to the changing conditions. It makes changes frequently, or in other terms, it responds to the changes in a fast mode as per the customer requirements. SDN provides a reliable network so that if changes occur in a part of the network, it will not affect the other part of the network (Wood, Ramakrishnan, Hwang, Liu, Zhang, 2015). It is handled by the two protocols: one is Open flow, and other is OVSDB. It requires less time for storage and computation process. There are Software-defined data centers for handling the storage tasks. Moreover, it is based on the Pay by Use technology. SDN provides multiple network technologies, and it can easily adjust to the changing conditions. It makes changes frequently, or in other terms, it responds to the changes in a fast mode as per the customer requirements. The Software-defined Network is also applied on the Wide Area Network. It is based on the Pay-as-you-grow model. It is based on the technology As the size of infrastructure increases, the amount of rent keeps on increasing. Literature Review on Sdn Software-defined networking is the heart of the network. A network consists of various elements like firewall, hubs, switches, etc., and these elements provide a single physical network to the users (Ferro, 2016). All the physical entities are dependent on each other i.e. if there is a failure in any physical entity, then it will affect the other entity as well as it will affect the whole network. SDN is a solution to the above problem. SDN provides a reliable network, so that if changes occur in the part of the network, it will not affect the other part of the network. SDN helps in solving the issue-Zero-Day Attack The hackers create a hole in the software, and then they enter into the software through the hole and harm the software, and the hackers attacked the software before the vendor gets known about the issue. This whole is a zero-day attack (Rolbin, 2016). The attack has been performed by the hackers and the vendor is not familiar with the situation. One of the reasons behind this problem is that the network in the earlier days are quite complex, and it was difficult to manage them, but in todays era, there are various network management tools to solve this issue. SDN is one of the sources for handling this issue. As it provides proper monitoring on routers and switches, and also it helps in handling the traffic in a proper manner. It helps in solving the various legacy issues. Now, a day the customer requirements keep on changing continuously, and those organizations survive in the market which adapts themselves to the changing environment, or working conditions. The organization must have the ability to adapts with the changing approaches, strategies of doing work, changing frameworks; those who can change will not survive in the business world. The cloud networking technique and other networking techniques are not flexible as like SDN. SDN provides multiple network technologies, and it can easily adjust to the changing conditions. It makes changes frequently, or in other terms, it responds to the changes in a fast mode as per the customer requirements. There are various working parts of SDN: Controller- It is the brain of the SDN, as it provides the centralized view of the network. It monitors the network on real time basis, and also it handles the traffic on a real-time basis (Horvath, 2016). It is handled by the two protocols: one is Open flow, and other is OVSDB. The Open flow protocol provides the communication protocols to the SDN controller, and SDN controller works depending upon the guidance of Open Flow protocol. South bound APIs- It provides protocols (set of rules, and regulations) to the network, which is used for sending data through the routers as well as it is used for sending data through the switches. North bound APIs- It provides communication with the applications, and it also provides the track or the direction to the traffic. The SDN is different form the other networks: The social media websites, cloud computing, mobile devices, etc. - all are based on the traditional network. It requires large time for the storage process as well as it requires large time for the computation process. All the network operations are performed manually (in a case of traditional network). But in a case of SDN, it requires less time for storage and computation process (Nedbal, 2016). There are Software-defined data centers for handling the storage tasks. Moreover, it is based on the "Pay by Use technology. Software-defined data center consist of various resources i.e. storage, computing, and networking resources, and all the resources are represented in the software form. It is based on the pay use technology. It is used in the similar way as the users use Gas (gas used for cooking purpose, and metropolitan cities the people as have pay bill by use). The users use the gas, according to their requirements, and they have to pay the bill according to the units of gas used by them. In the same way, SDN sold software by requirements. It also helps in saving cost, money, time, and affords. There is no need to create a physical infrastructure. The organization can hire it on the rent basis via a cloud. It provides the centralized infrastructure of the data center. The users can access different application and files through the shared servers. There is no need to invest large amounts in database creation and their updating. The user can for the services used according to the quantity of data used by them. As the network is used by paying the rent; then it is easy to manage or use the large centers. The data centers and the network are handled by the third party, so SDN is one of the vital resources for providing quick response to the users. This is one the reason also that the SDN provides quick response to the required changes. Software-defined WAN: The Software-defined Network is also applied on the WAN. The Wide Area Network is one of the useful sources for office, and also for the business established at a geographic distance. The cloud-based WAN is used in this case. The user has to pay the amount by the usage. The amount paid by the cloud user, and the amount and services are given by the cloud providers; all the things are defined in the SLA document. The cloud provider provides facilities to the cloud user depending on the rules, and regulations defined in the SLA document. There are various benefits of SDN: Directly programmable: The programming is done based on the automation tools and theses are open source tools. Centralized management: It provides the centralized network which acts as a source for providing fully monitors service to the network. It is based on the Pay-as-you-grow model. It is based on the technology As the size of infrastructure increases, the amount of rent keeps on increasing. Flexibility: It is flexible with the required changes. It meets all the requirements i.e. required for services, and applications (on quick basis). Creative: The organization can create new applications as well as new services by using SDN. There are Various Security Issues that Occur in Case of Sdn In the traditional network, the physical entities are dependent on each other and changes or the failure in one of the entity destroys the entity. To eliminating this problem, SDN is currently used. It provides a reliable network so that if changes occur in the part of the network, it will not affect the other part of the network (Ferro, 2016). But, this has given birth to a big security issue. If the hackers attack the controller, it will affect the whole network. The controller is the centralized part of SDN, and it monitors and handles the traffic of the whole network, so it is a single point of attack for the attackers, and this is the main target for the hackers. If the controller part of the SDN is getting affected, then it will destroy the full network as well as other resources (which are part of the network). The Open flow protocol is a big source for providing the communication protocols to the SDN controller, and SDN controller works depending upon the guidance of Open Flow protocol. But on the other hand, if threat occurs on open flow protocol then, it will affect the availability, as well as the integrity of the network, and moreover, it degrades the performance of the network. The denial of survive attacks is one of the issues that occur in this type of network. This attacker does not allow the authorized person to access the system, as their system gets hacked by the attackers. The attackers access the system of the authorized person, and make changes in the information. The second is attack by the thwart scanning technique. The attackers uses thwart scanning technique for hacking the IP address. They access the Random virtual IP dress and make changes in the IP address. The change in the IP address of one system will affects the whole system (as the systems are interrelated to each other). The third issue is replication diversity. The replications copies of main controller are created and it takes lot of space of the memory, and affects the system. As the number of applications increases, the replication copies of the controller keep on increasing. This cause an improper behavior in the network. It is a kind of virus in which creates multiple instances o f the controller, and it occupies the space of the system, and further it affects the performance of the system. By creating the bundle of copies of controller, the performance of the system get degrades. The replicate copies of the controller is created depending on the application i.e. as the number of running applications increases, the duplicate copies of controller increases. Theoretical Security Framework Related to the Security Issue The controller is one of the vital sources for handling the various tasks of the network. It maintains and monitors the whole network. In other terms, it is known as the heart of the network. If the controller part of the SDN gets affected, then it will disturb or destroy the whole network. As the attackers know that it is the main source or the component of SDN, so this is the main attack or the target point for the hackers (Dhamecha, Trivedi, 2013). This is the single point of track for the attackers, as it affects the working of the whole network. This is the current issue which is faced by the organization (which are using this technique of network). The solution to eliminating this problem is that the security applications should be installed on the controller, so that this part is affected or going to affects by the attackers, then it get traced by the organization. The firewall is one of the solutions for resolving this problem. It is a combination of hardware as well as software, and it helps in securing data from the outsiders. These outsiders are any authorized person which is not a part of organization (McClure, 2011). The firewall should be installed on the controller, so that hackers can access the network of the industry. The solution to this problem is encryption technique. If the hackers try to access the data through controller, then they cant make changes in the data, and this is possible only if the data is present in the encrypted from (LUO, XU, 2013). The private key for accessing or unlocking the data is known only to the sender, as well as to the receiver of the data. The other solution to this problem is use of strong password. The two times verification password can be used. It means while creating a password the user has to move through two steps for creating the password. The user enter the password, and moreover, the user has to enter the mobile number, and verification code is sent on the number, and user has to enter that number as a verification key while creating the account. This is an important step so that only the authorized user i.e. the user having an account on the network can access the information. Further, the password can be made more secure by using special characters along with the number or along with the date of birth of the person so that it can't be easily crack by the hackers. The information or the data should be used for the constructive purposes. There should be strict or complex data security methods in the organizations so that no one can harm the data. There should be strict cyber-security methods, and there be, a cyber-security team in every company that can detect hackers and protect the company from hackers. The hackers should be strictly punished so that they will hundreds of times before committing any crime. No doubt, the information is managed at the centralized point, but to protect the data, a copy of information should be placed on the private database. The organization should go for the Hybrid SDN model. As this model is a combination of both private and public models. No doubt, it is an expensive and complex method, but it is the best option for securing the sensitive data. The Company can secure the critical data, by placing it in the private database, and they can place the remaining data in the public place i.e. on the centralized database. Summary SDN is based on the Pay by Use technology. Software-defined data center consist of various resources i.e. storage, computing, and networking resources, and all the resources are represented in the software form. It is flexible with the required changes. It meets all the requirements i.e. required for services, and applications (on quick basis). It is based on the pay by use technology. It provides the centralized network which acts as a source for providing fully monitors service to the network. It is based on the Pay-as-you-grow model. It is based on the technology As the size of infrastructure increases, the amount of rent keeps on increasing (Ferro, 2016). The controller is the main component of SDN. It is known as the heart of the network. If the controller part of the SDN gets affected, then it will disturb or destroy the whole network. To eliminating this problem is that the security applications should be installed on the controller, so that this part is affected or going to a ffects by the attackers, then it get traced by the organization. The firewall and the encryption technique are the best solutions for resolving this problem. References Cao, B., He, F., Li, Y., Wang, C., Lang, W. (2015). Software-defined virtual wireless network: framework and challenges. IEEE Network, 29(4), 6-12. Dhamecha, K. Trivedi, B. (2013). SDN Issues A Survey. International Journal Of Computer Applications, 73(18), 30-35. Ferro, G. (2015). Software-defined networking explained in 10 easy steps. InfoWorld. Gladisch, A. Kellerer, W. (2015). Software-defined networking and network function virtualization. It - Information Technology, 57(5). Horvath, R. (2016). A Literature Review on Challenges and Effects of Software-defined Networking . Li, X., Qian, H., Yu, Y., Weng, J., Wang, Z. (2013). Robust password changing and DoS resilience for human-centric password authentication. Security And Communication Networks, n/a-n/a. LUO, W. XU, M. (2013). Attribute-based encryption and re-encryption key management in cloud computing. Journal Of Computer Applications, 33(10), 2832-2834. McClure, B. (2011). The firewall behind the firewall. Computers Security, 17(4), 325. Nedbal, D. (2016). A Literature Review on Challenges and effects of Software-defined Network. Reza Amini, M., Balarastaghi, E., Branch, B. (2011). Universal Neural Network Demodulator for Software-defined Radio. IJET, 3(3), 263-268. Rolbin, M. (2016). Early detection of network threats using Software-defined Network (SDN) and virtualization. Wood, T., Ramakrishnan, K., Hwang, J., Liu, G., Zhang, W. (2015). Toward a software-based network: integrating Software-defined networking and network function virtualization. IEEE Network, 29(3), 36-41.

Symbolism in Ellisons Battle Royal Essay Example For Students

Symbolism in Ellisons Battle Royal Essay Ralph Ellison’s short story, â€Å"Battle Royal†, is symbolic in many different ways. In one way it is symbolic of the African Americans’ struggle for equality throughout our nation’s history. The various hardships that the narrator must endure, in his quest to deliver his speech, are representative of the many hardships that the blacks went through in their fight for equality. The narrator in Ellison’s short story suffers much. He is considered to be one of the brighter youths in his black community. The young man is given the opportunity to give a speech to some of the more prestigious white individuals. The harsh treatment that he is dealt in order to perform his task is quite symbolic. It represents the many hardships that the African American people endured while they fought to be treated equally in the United States. He expects to give his speech in a positive and normal environment. What faces him is something that he never would have imagined. The harsh conditions that the boys competing in the battle royal must face are phenomenal. At fir st the boys are ushered into a room where a nude woman is dancing. The white men yell at the boys for looking and not looking at the woman. It is as if they are showing them all of the good things being white can bring, and then saying that they aren’t good enough for it since they were black. Next the boys must compete in the battle royal. Blindly the boys savagely beat one another. This is symbolic of the African Americans’ fight for equality. It represents the struggle they endured, to be accepted as equals with our society’s white population, upon the abolition of slavery. Blindly, our nation’s black population fought, not always knowing what for, just as the boys in this story fought.The segregation of schools, restaurants, and other public facilities were issues that were fiercely fought over. We will write a custom essay on Symbolism in Ellisons Battle Royal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These battles are directly represented by the barbarous fighting by 10 boys in a ring, being witnessed by whites in high social standing. Totally engrossed by the fighting these men yelled cruel things and became frenzied. This is representative of the how our nation’s white population treated African Americans for many years. Often they took a stance of authority, feeling superior to the black minorities. This belief is portrayed by the men’s angered actions toward the boys. The electrified rug is another important piece in this story. The boys are given the opportunity to take bills and coins off of a rug, after the battle royal has been completed. As they grab for the money they receive jolts of electricity from the rug. The boys find it extremely hard not to reach for the money even though they will go through much pain in doing so. These activities again represent the African American’s struggle for equality. Even though segregation became an eventual realiz ation the blacks had to suffer much. Blacks attending schools with whites still had to endure racial prejudices and misjudgments by much of the population. The boys in â€Å"Battle Royal† were given the opportunity to get money, but they had to endure the physical pain of being electrocuted in the process. The white men again are amused by these activities just as men throughout the years were amused by the activities of African American’s. The blacks were given things but with a price attached to it just as the boys were. The dream that the narrator has at the end of the story is very important as well. He describes his grandfather as having him open envelope after envelope, finally reaching one that held a document. On it was written â€Å"To Whom It May Concern, Keep this Nigger-Boy Running.† This represents many of the hardships that the African American people had to deal with over the years. Even though the narrator was given a degree of respect by giving his speech it was not nearly enough. The whites gave him his briefcase and congratulated him and that was it. The dream shows that they were just casting the narrator off, not really giving him anything valid at all. They said â€Å"Nice job,† but this really isn’t much